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Europe in 1000

Year 1000 (M) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was also the last year of the 10th century as well as the last year of the 1st millennium of the Christian era ending on December 31st, but the first year of the 1000s decade. Popular culture sometimes holds the year 1000 as the first year of the 11th century and the 2nd millennium, due to a tendency to group the years according to decimal values, as if a year zero were counted. According to the Gregorian Calendar, this distinction falls to the year 1001, because the 1st century was retroactively said to start with year 1. Since the calendar has no year zero, its first millennium spans from years 1 to 1000, inclusive.

Overview [edit]

Arab and Muslim world [edit]

The Arab world and the Islamic World were experiencing a Golden Age around the year 1000. The Abbasid Caliphate controlled a large geographic area, and maintained extensive trade networks.

The scientific achievements of the Muslim Civilization also reach their zenith during this time. Most of the leading scientists around the year 1000 were Muslim scientists, including Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Avicenna, Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), Ibn Yunus, Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu al-Wafa, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Al-Muqaddasi, Ali Ibn Isa, and al-Karaji (al-Karkhi), among others.

In particular, Ibn al-Haytham, Avicenna, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, and Abu al-Qasim, who all flourished around the year 1000, are considered to be among the greatest scientists of the Middle Ages.

Europe [edit]

Hungary was established in 1000 as a Christian state. In the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region.

Events [edit]

By place [edit]

Africa [edit]

• The Hutu arrive in present-day Rwanda and Burundi.

Americas [edit]

• Leif Ericson lands in North America, setting foot on Helluland, Markland and Vinland.
• Middle Horizon period ends in the Andes.
• Mississippian culture flourishes in North America.
• Aztec civilization migrates to Tenochtitlan in Mexico and begins to flourish.

Asia [edit]

• Dhaka, Bangladesh, is founded.

Europe [edit]

• September 9 – Battle of Svolder: King Olaf Tryggvason is defeated by an alliance of his enemies, in this notable naval battle of the Viking Age.
• December 25 – Stephen I becomes King of Hungary, which is established as a Christian kingdom.
• Sancho III of Navarre becomes King of Aragon and Navarre.
• Sweyn I establishes Danish control over part of Norway.
• Oslo, Norway, is founded (the exact year is debatable, but the 1,000 year anniversary was held in the year 2000).
• Emperor Otto III makes a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno (Gnesen), stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno (with Bolesław I Chrobry) is part of his pilgrimage. In Rome, he builds the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew.
• The Château de Goulaine vineyard is founded in France.

By topic [edit]

Art [edit]

• Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India, is built. Chandela dynasty, Early Medieval period (approximate date).

Religion [edit]

• The Diocese of Kołobrzeg is founded.
• The archdiocese in Gniezno is founded; the first archbishop is Gaudentius (Radim), from Slavník's dynasty.
• Iceland adopts Christianity as its official religion.

Science and technology [edit]

• Arab Muslim scientist, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), writes his influential Book of Optics.
• Arab Muslim physician, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) publishes his influential 30-volume medical encyclopedia the Al-Tasrif.
• Arab Muslim mathematician and astronomer, Ibn Yunus, publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir in Cairo.
• Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, first states a special case of Fermat's last theorem.
• The Bell foundry is founded in Italy by Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli.
• Gunpowder is invented in China.

Demographics [edit]

• World population: 310,000,000.

Births [edit]

• Adalbert, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1048)
• Qawam al-Daula, ruler of Kerman (d. 1028)
• Yi Yuanji – Chinese Northern Song painter famous for his realistic paintings of animals (d. 1064)

Deaths [edit]

• September 9 – Olaf I of Norway (killed at the Battle of Svold) (b. 969)
• Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Persian astronomer and mathematician
• Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Persian physicist, mathematician and astronomer (b. 940)
• Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Arab writer and traveller
• Al-Muqaddasi, Arab geographer
• Ælfthryth, second or third wife of Edgar of England
• Garcia IV of Pamplona
• Tlilcoatzin, Toltec ruler (approximate date)^{[citation needed]}
• Ce Acatl Topiltzin, Toltec ruler (approximate date)
• David III of Tao (murdered by his nobles)
• Huyan Zan, Chinese general
• Hrosvit, Saxon nun

See also [edit]

• Millenarianism

References [edit]

• Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium (1999) ISBN 0-316-55840-0
• John Man Atlas of the Year 1000 (1999) ISBN 0-14-051419-8