Margaret Murray-Prior, 1 March 1882. Victorian wedding dress.

A wedding dress or wedding gown is the clothing worn by a bride during a wedding ceremony. Color, style and ceremonial importance of the gown can depend on the religion and culture of the wedding participants. In Western cultures, brides often choose a white wedding dress, which was made popular by Queen Victoria in the 19th century. In eastern cultures, brides often choose red to symbolize auspiciousness.

Western culture [edit]

Weddings performed during and immediately following the Middle Ages were often more than just a union between two people. They could be a union between two families, two businesses or even two countries. Many weddings were more a matter of politics than love, particularly among the nobility and the higher social classes. Brides were therefore expected to dress in a manner that cast their families in the most favorable light and befitted their social status, for they were not representing only themselves during the ceremony. Brides from wealthy families often wore rich colors and exclusive fabrics. It was common to see them wearing bold colors and layers of furs, velvet and silk. Brides dressed in the height of current fashion, with the richest materials money could buy. The poorest of brides wore their best church dress on their wedding day. The amount and the price of material a wedding dress contained was a reflection of the bride's social standing and indicated the extent of the family's wealth to wedding guests.

The woman to the far right is wearing a typical wedding dress from 1929. Until the late 1960s, wedding dresses reflected the styles of the day. From that time onward, wedding dresses have often been based on Victorian styles.

The first documented instance of a princess who wore a white wedding gown for a royal wedding ceremony is that of Philippa of England, who wore a tunic with a cloak in white silk bordered with grey squirrel and ermine) in 1406.;^[1] Mary, Queen of Scots, wore a white wedding gown in 1559 when she married her first husband, Francis Dauphin of France because it was her favorite color, although white was then the color of mourning for French Queens.

This was not a widespread trend, however: prior to the Victorian era, a bride was married in any color, black being especially popular in Scandinavia.^[2]

White became a popular option in 1840, after the marriage of Queen Victoria to Albert of Saxe-Coburg, where Victoria wore a white gown to incorporate some lace she prized. The official wedding portrait photograph was widely published, and many brides opted for white in accordance with the Queen's choice.^[3]

Even after that, for a period, wedding dresses were adapted to the styles of the day. For example, in the 1920s, they were typically short in the front with a longer train in the back and were worn with cloche-style wedding veils. This tendency to follow current fashions continued until the late 1960s, when it became popular to revert to long, full-skirted designs reminiscent of the Victorian era.

Today, Western wedding dresses are usually white^[4] though "wedding white" includes shades such as eggshell, ecru and ivory.

Later, many people assumed that the color white was intended to symbolize virginity, though this was not the original intention: it was the color blue that was connected to purity, piety, faithfulness, and the Virgin Mary.^[5]

Current fashion [edit]

About 75% of wedding dresses on the market are strapless, sleeveless gowns, in part because such dresses require less skill from the designers and are easier to alter to fit correctly.^[6]

Vietnamese wedding Ao dai

Eastern culture [edit]

Many wedding dresses in China, India (wedding sari), Pakistan and Vietnam (in the traditional form of the Ao dai) are red, the traditional colour of good luck and auspiciousness. Nowadays, many women choose other colours besides red. In modern mainland Chinese weddings, the bride may opt for Western dresses of any colour, and later don a traditional costume for the official tea ceremony.

Qing dynasty styled traditional Chinese wedding dress with phoenix crown (鳳冠) headpiece still used in modern Taiwanese weddings.

In modern Taiwanese weddings, the bride generally picks red (following Chinese tradition) or white (more Western) silk for the wedding gown material, but most will wear the red traditional garment for their formal wedding banquets. Traditionally, the father of the bride is responsible for the wedding banquet hosted on the bride's side and the alcohol (specifically called "xi-jiu," confusingly the same as what the wedding banquet itself is called) consumed during both banquets. While the wedding itself is often based on the couple's choices, the wedding banquets are a symbolic gesture of "thanks" and appreciation, to those that have raised the bride and groom (such as grandparents and uncles) and those who will continue to be there to help the bride and groom in the future. Thus out of respect for the elders, wedding banquets are usually done formally and traditionally.

Red wedding saris are the traditional garment choice for brides in Indian culture. Sari fabric is also traditionally silk. Over time, colour options and fabric choices for Indian brides have expanded. Today fabrics like crepe, Georgette, charmeuse, and satin are used, and colors have been expanded to include gold, pink, orange, maroon, brown, and yellow as well.^[7] Indian brides in Western countries often wear the sari at the wedding ceremony and change into traditional Indian wear afterwards (lehnga, choli, etc.).

Japanese formal wedding dress still used today.

At Japanese weddings, brides will often wear three or more dresses throughout the ceremony and subsequent celebrations with a traditional kimono, white and colour dress combination being popular. White is used, because in Japan it symbolises death—in this case, the bride becomes dead to her family. The bride will eventually remove her white kimono to reveal another colored one—usually red—to symbolize her rebirth into her husband's family.

The Javanese people of Indonesia wear a kebaya, a traditional kind of blouse, along with batik.

In the Philippines, variations of the Baro't saya adapted to the white wedding tradition are considered to be wedding attire for women, along with the Barong Tagalog for men. Various tribes and Muslim Filipinos don other forms of traditional dress during their respective ceremonies.

Native American culture [edit]

Apache bride

The indigenous peoples of the Americas have varying traditions related to weddings and thus wedding dresses. A Hopi bride traditionally would have her garments woven by the groom and any men in the village who wished to participate. The garments consisted of a large belt, two all-white wedding robes, a white wedding robe with red stripes at top and bottom, white buckskin leggings and moccasins, a string for tying the hair, and a reed mat in which to wrap the outfit. This outfit also would serve as a shroud, since these garments would be necessary for the trip through the underworld.

A Pueblo bride wore a cotton garment tied above the right shoulder, secured with a belt around the waist.

In the traditions of the Delaware, a bride would wear a knee-length skirt of deerskin and a band of wampum beads around her forehead. Except for fine beads or shell necklaces, the body would be bare from the waist up. If it were a winter wedding, she would wear deerskin leggings and moccasins and a robe of turkey feathers. Her face would be painted with white, red and yellow clay.

The tribes of Northern California (which include the Klamath, the Modoc and the Yurok) had a traditional bridal dress woven in symbolic colors: white for the east, blue for the south, yellow (orange) for the west; and black for the north. Turquoise and silver jewelry were worn by both the bride and the groom in addition to a silver concho belt. Jewelry was considered a shield against evils including hunger, poverty and bad luck.

Gallery [edit]

Wedding dresses of ancient times [edit]

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  Wedding dress in 1350s from "The Marriage" by Nicolo da Bologna

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  Stratonice is presented to Antiochus for marriage

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  Helena Fourment, second wife of Peter Paul Rubens, painted by Rubens in her wedding dress

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  Samson and Delilah, a story from the Old Testament of the Bible

Wedding dresses from different areas of the world [edit]

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  Royal wedding in Japan in 1959

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  Wishram (North American Indian) bride around 1911

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  Traditional Finnish farmer wedding dress in Jomala

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  Marriage of the Holy Roman Emperor Barbarossa in Bavaria

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  Marriage of the Kaiser Wilhelm II and his wife Auguste Viktoria Prussia

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  A Swedish bridal crown of the most formal type and four brides who wore it (1938-1978)

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  Traditional Kazakh wedding dress

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  Hutsul wedding dress

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  Marriage of Napoleon I and Marie Louise. France, 1810

Middle Eastern dresses [edit]

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  Jewish Yemenite bride in Israel, 1950's

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  Tawfiq Pasha of Egypt with his wife Princess Amina Elhami after their wedding; the wedding took place in January 1873

East Asian dresses [edit]

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  Chinese couple wearing traditional wedding hanfu

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  Reenactment of the royal wedding ceremony of King Gojong and Queen Myeongseong

• Wedding traditional.jpg

  Variations of the baro't saya are traditional wedding dress amongst many Filipino Christians0

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  Wedding dresses and other Asian couture in London

South Asian dresses [edit]

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  Rajput bride wearing a pink lehenga

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  West Bengali bride

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  Malayali Christian bride in white Sari

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  Bangladeshi bride in formal matrimonial Sari

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  Bride at a Nikah ceremony wearing typical South Asian red head covering and jewellery

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  A Nepali bride in wedding dress

Modern Western-style dresses [edit]

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  A bride in 1968, wearing a dress reflecting the styles of the time

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  Taiwanese couple dressed Western-style for keepsake photos in the park, 1989

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  Opulent wedding dress of Soraya Esfandiary, created by Christian Dior

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  Patricia Nixon Cox with her father Richard Nixon, 1971

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  American bride marrying a Scotsman wearing a kilt, 1996

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  New Orleans bride wearing a strapless, sleeveless gown, 2006

See also [edit]

• Contemporary Western Wedding Dress
• Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer
• Wedding dress of Kate Middleton
• Wedding dress of Queen Victoria
• Wedding dress of Grace Kelly
• Wedding dress of Wallis Warfield
• Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth

Notes [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wedding dress

External links [edit]

• Fashion Plates of Wedding Dresses from 1820-1929 from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
• Wedding Dresses at Chicago History Museum Digital Collections
• Wedding dress, 1900, in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database
• Wedding dress, 1951, in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database